With the continuous advancement of tool systems and evolving demands for mechanical environments, the all-powerful short-cone modular tool system has become increasingly popular internationally. This system stands out in the modular tool market due to its high positioning accuracy, reliable balance performance, and excellent rigidity and toughness. It holds great potential to replace the traditional 7:24 taper shank. Unlike the 7:24 taper, which relies solely on the tapered surface for positioning, it is bulky, slow, and inefficient for repeated tool changes—making it unsuitable for high-precision machining. In response, several global tool manufacturers have introduced advanced short-cone systems. In 1987, Kennametal and Widia from Germany jointly developed the "1:10 short-cone KM module tool system," introducing the concept of dual positioning using both the face and the taper. Later, Sandvik from Sweden introduced the "Triangle Short Taper CAPTO Tool System." In 1993, Germany officially standardized the HSK tool handle under DIN 69893, which closely resembles the KM system. These systems complement each other and have sparked a revolution in the tool industry. The working principle of KM, HSK, and CAPTO systems is based on the double-fitting mechanism. When sufficient tension is applied, the short-cone shank undergoes elastic deformation, creating a tight fit with the tapered surface. This allows for dual positioning through the face and the taper. The mechanisms differ slightly between systems. CAPTO uses three clamping methods. The first involves a rear-mounted pull screw for rotating tools in machining centers (Figure 1a). The second method fastens the head module from the end face (Figure 1b), while the third uses a pull rod to press an expansion sleeve into the tool's groove, forming a solid connection ideal for lathe tools (Figure 1c). KM and HSK systems use different locking mechanisms. The KM system employs a ball rolling mechanism, where rotating the torque screw pushes steel balls into a raceway, causing the cutting unit to lock via compression (Figure 2a). The HSK system uses a circlip that deforms when the pull stud is rotated, achieving dual positioning (Figure 2b). These systems also support automatic quick-change capabilities, allowing rapid tool switching through machine control signals. One of the key advantages of these systems is their small taper angle, which improves positioning accuracy and ease of processing compared to the larger 7:24 taper. They achieve high repeatable positioning accuracy, with radial and axial precision reaching ±0.0025 mm. Tool change times are significantly reduced, often taking just 30 seconds. Their compact design makes them ideal for large-scale machining centers, enabling systematic tool management and unified tool setting and inspection. These systems also offer excellent balance performance, maintaining stability even at high rotational speeds. Internal cooling features enhance tool life, especially in boring or drilling operations. The clamping force is much higher than conventional tapers, with radial pressures reaching up to 43.9 kN, ensuring secure and stable connections. Torque transmission varies among systems. CAPTO uses a triangular-pyramidal connection for torque-free operation, eliminating self-locking and reducing vibration and wear. In contrast, KM and HSK rely on steel balls or spring mechanisms, which may be direction-dependent. While CAPTO’s triangular shape simplifies the design, the complex geometry of the triangular circle and matching holes makes it challenging to manufacture, requiring specialized equipment. Most Chinese manufacturers still lack the capability to produce such parts, and even foreign producers need custom tools. In conclusion, the KM, HSK, and CAPTO systems have been widely used in machining, turning, drilling, and milling for over two decades, significantly improving product accuracy. The 1:10 short-cone system has now become an international standard, gaining global recognition. Although not yet perfect, it continues to lead the evolution of modern tool systems in the 21st century.

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