Soil compaction is also called soil hardness or soil solidity or soil penetration resistance. The resistance, usually expressed in Pa, when pressed into the soil with a metal plunger or probe. Soil compaction refers to the ability of the soil to withstand external forces and compaction. Under the influence of trampling of human and livestock, rolling of agricultural machinery and natural forces, the soil in the agricultural soil gradually becomes dense and firm, and the soil compactness increases. In the compaction process of the soil, on the one hand, the volume is reduced and the porosity decreases. On the other hand, the density increases, the hardness increases, and the firmness increases. Increased hardness of the soil increases the energy required for the cutting and growth of the crop roots, thus affecting crop growth. Soil compaction is an important indicator for evaluating soil cultivation conditions and measuring the quality of soil cultivation.
Soil compaction consists of soil shear, compression, and friction. It is a synthetic indicator of soil strength. When the metal plunger or probe is pressed into the soil, there are two methods, dynamic load and static load. The measured values ​​of different methods are different, but they are related. The shape of the plunger has cones, flat heads, balls, wedges, etc. These also have an influence on the measured value. The measured value of the same method is mainly determined by soil texture, volume and moisture content. The moisture content has the greatest impact. Soil compaction predicts soil loading, cultivability, and resistance to root extension.
The degree of soil compaction can affect the perforation and growth of crop roots and is an important indicator of soil physical properties for evaluating soil cultivability. Compact soil can prevent the infiltration of water, reduce the utilization of chemical fertilizers, affect the growth of plant roots, resulting in crop production. Therefore, it is particularly important to know the compactness of the soil. Instruments for measuring soil compaction include soil hardness tester, soil compaction meter, and a more upscale GPS soil compactness measuring instrument with a positioning system.
The principle of soil hardness tester is to insert the measuring rod into the soil, and different depths correspond to different pressure indicators. The GPS Soil Compactness Gauge automatically records the maximum and final measurement point values. Nowadays, many agricultural instrument manufacturers provide soil hardness testers, but due to the difference in function, the price gap is very large. The price of a typical hardness tester is a few thousand dollars, but a hardness tester with a GPS function is relatively high and the price is over 10,000.
Figure GPS soil compaction instrument
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